Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 29 (1), P. 105–117 (2026).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo29.01.105

Enhanced photovoltaic performance and minimal hysteresis of perovskite solar cells using caffeine-modified MAPbI₃ light-harvesting material

M.I. Amanyi¹, E. Danladi^1,2*, A.O. Salawu³, A.I. Alhaji⁴, K.A. Ogunmoye⁵, O.E. Onah¹, M.T. Ekwu<sup>6

1</sup>Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Nigeria
²Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa
³Nile University of Nigeria
⁴Federal University, Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria
⁵Appalachian State University, USA
⁶Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria
*Corresponding author e-mail: danladielibako@gmail.com

Abstract. Perovskite solar cells modified with caffeine were investigated. Caffeine incorporation improves absorption, crystallinity, and device performance, while reducing hysteresis. The best device (1.0 wt% caffeine) achieved PCE = 14.072%, FF = 0.640, Jsc = 23.083 mA/cm, Voc = 0.953 V. Performance enhancement is attributed to reduced recombination and improved charge transport.

Keywords: perovskite solar cells, caffeine, hysteresis, MAPbI₃, photovoltaics.

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